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Reference Sheet
Solubility Rules:
- All Nitrates (NO₃⁻) are soluble.
- All Chlorides (Cl⁻) are soluble EXCEPT Ag⁺, Pb²⁺.
- All Sulphates (SO₄²⁻) are soluble EXCEPT Ba²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ca²⁺.
- Most Carbonates (CO₃²⁻) & Hydroxides (OH⁻) are INSOLUBLE.
Redissolving in Excess Alkalis:
- Excess NaOH(aq): Redissolves Amphoteric Hydroxides of Al³⁺, Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺.
- Excess NH₃(aq): Redissolves Hydroxides of Zn²⁺ (colourless), Cu²⁺ (deep blue), and Ag⁺ (colourless).
Colours of Precipitates:
Cu²⁺(aq): pale blue ppt | Fe²⁺(aq): dirty green ppt | Fe³⁺(aq): reddish brown ppt | Ag⁺(aq): brown ppt