Subject: Integrated Science
Topic: The Fire Triangle & PASS Method
Date: 2026-09-03
Page 1.1
Cues & Key Terms
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I. The Fire Triangle & Firefighting Method
1. Three Essential Components of Fire
• A fire requires three distinct elements to ignite:
,
, and
.
• Ambient air provides oxygen (~21%) which supports continuous
.
• Removing any single element will
the fire immediately.
2. Ignition Temperature
• Heat raises fuel until it reaches its specific
point.
3. PASS Extinguisher Operation
• P - Pull pin to break seal.
• A - Aim the
low, pointing directly at the base of fire.
• S - Squeeze handle to release agent.
• S - Sweep nozzle side to side across fire base.
Summary (English)
Fire requires oxygen, fuel, and high temperature. Removing any component halts burning and extinguishes the fire. When using a fire extinguisher, operate using the PASS sequence: Pull pin, Aim nozzle low, Squeeze handle, and Sweep across the base.
Subject: Integrated Science
Topic: Fire Suppression Equipment
Date: 2026-09-03
Page 1.2
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II. Principles of Fire Suppression Equipment
1. Fire Blanket
• Cuts off by
ing flames and trapping heat.
• Ideal for small liquid/grease fires or wrapping victims on fire.
2. Sand Bucket
• A isolates fuel and absorbs heat.
• Used to extinguish small chemical spills or
metal fires.
3. Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher
• A CO₂ helps to
oxygen gas.
• Safest choice for electrical fires as it leaves no chemical
on instruments.
Summary (English)
Fire suppression tools function by depriving fire of oxygen: fire blankets smother flames, sand buckets cover fuel, and CO₂ fire extinguishers displace oxygen while leaving zero chemical residue on sensitive equipment.
Subject: Integrated Science
Topic: Laboratory Safety Gear & Fume Cupboard
Date: 2026-09-03
Page 1.3
Cues & Key Terms
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III. Essential Laboratory Gear & Ventilation Equipment
1. Personal Protection Gear
• Wear to protect eyes from splashes and ous vapors.
• Wear a lab to protect body and clothing from
chemical splashes.
2. Laboratory Ventilation & Emergency Gear
• Experiments releasing harmful gas must be conducted inside a
to safely exhaust toxic vapors.
• A supplies bandages and remedies for immediate minor injury care.
3. Eye Wash Station
• Use an filled with clean water or sterile
solution to rinse exposed eyes.
Summary (English)
Personal safety gear (safety goggles, lab coat) shields against corrosive chemicals and hazards. Volatile chemical reactions must be handled in a fume cupboard to vent toxic fumes, while first aid boxes and eye wash bottles with saline solution provide prompt emergency treatment.